■)  £/,  $12  Z/tJrfi  +  W 


Technical  Series,  No.  25. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BUREAU    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 
L.  O.  HOWARD,  Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 


PAPEES  ON  APHIDID^E. 


CONTENTS    AND    INDEX 


Issued  April  26,  1915 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1915. 


Technical  Series,  No.  25. 

U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE, 

BTJRE^XJ    OF    ENTOMOLOGY. 
L.  O.  HOWARD,  Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau. 


PAPERS  ON  APHIDID^E. 


I.  STUDIES  ON  A  NEW  SPECIES  OF  TOXOPTEM, 

WITH  AX  ANALYTICAL  KEY  TO  THE  GENUS 
AND  NOTES  ON  REARING  METHODS. 

By  W.  J.  PHILLIPS  and  J.  J.  DAVIS,  Entomological  Assistant 
Cereal  and  Forage  Inject  Investigations. 


II.  THE  YELLOW  CLOVER  APHIS. 

By  J.  J.  DAVIS,  Entomological  Assistant,  Cereal  and 
Forage  Insect  Investigations. 


Issued  April  26,  L915. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT   PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1915. 


B  UREA  U  OF  EXTOMOLOG  Y. 

L.  O.  Howard,  Entomologist  and  Chief  of  Bureau . 

C.  L.  Marlatt,  Entomologist  and  Acting  Chief  in  Absence  of  Chid. 

R.  S.  Clifton,  Chief  Clerk  and  Executive  Assistant. 

F.  H.  Chittenden,  in  charge  of  truck  crop  and  stored  product  insect  investigations. 

A.  D.  Hopkins,  in  charge  of  forest  insect  investigations. 

W.  1>.  Hunter,  in  charge  of  southern  field  crop  insect  investigations. 

F.  M.  Webster,  in  charge  of  cereal  and  forage  insect  investigations. 
A.  L.  Quaintance,  in  charge  of  deciduous  fruit  insect  investigations. 
E.  F.  Phillips,  in  charge  of  bee  culture. 

A.  1".  Burgess,  in  charge  of  gipsy  moth  and  brown-tail  moth  investigations. 
Ron. a  P.  Currie,  in  chargt  of  editorial  work. 
Mabel  COLCORD,  in  charge  of  library. 

Cereal  and  Forage  Insect  Investigations. 
F.  M .  Webster,  in  chargi . 

G.  I.  Reeves.  W.  J.  Phillips,  E.  0.  (J.  Kelly,  J.  A.  Hyslop,  J.  J.  Davis,  C.*N. 
Ainslie,  W.  R.  Walton.  A.  P>.  Gahan,  J.  M.  Aldrrh.  V.  L.  Wildermuth,  W.  R. 
McConnelLj  T.  D.  Urbahns,  R.  A.  Vickery,  Philip  Luglnblll,  C.  W.  Creel, 
Henry  Fox.  Geo.  G.  Ainslie,  Harrison  B.  Smith.  1*.  11.  Timberlake,  R.  N. 
Wilson.  Vernon  King.  E.  H.  Gib  SON,  L.  P.  Rockwood,  V.  II.  Gates,  Philip 

B.  Miles,  T.  R.  Ohahberlln,  A.  !  :rn\\ ait.  T.  Scott  Wilson,  D.  J- 
Caffrey.  W.  \\.  Larrimer,  !..  J.  Bower,  C.  M.  Packard,  Adolph  H.  Beyer, 
Claude  L.  Scott,  S.  J.  Snow.  Desi  a  Bennion,  li.  J.  Kewley,  Geo.  W.  Barber, 

C.  F.  Turner.  Jus.  S.  Wade.  W.  B.  Pennington,  W.  T.  Emery,  D.  G.  Tower, 
P.  R.  Myers.  F.  L.  Barrett,  entomological  assistants. 

W.  B.  Hall,  J.  T.  Monell.  collaborators. 


CONTENTS 


Studies  on  a  New  Species  op  Toxoptera,  with  an  Analytical  Key  to  the 
Genus  and  Notes  on  Rearing  Methods. 

W.  J.  Phillips  and  J.  J.  Davis. .  1 

Introduction 1 

Description  of  the  species 1 

Genus  Toxoptera  Koch 8 

Key  to  the  genus 8 

Distribution  of  Toxoptera  muhlenbcrgix 9 

Feeding  habits 9 

Host  plants 9 

Life  history 9 

Continuous-generation  experiments 9 

Molting 13 

Fecundity  of  the  summer  forms 13 

Age  when  individuals  begin  reproducing 13 

Length  of  life  of  the  viviparous  forms 13 

The  sexes 13 

Place  of  oviposition 14 

Fecundity  of  the  oviparous  females 14 

Mortality  of  eggs 15 

Rearing  methods 15 

The  Yellow  Clover  Aphis J".  J".  Davis. .  17 

Introduction 17 

Synonymy 17 

Generic  position 18 

Distribution 18 

In  America 18 

In  Asia 19 

Food  plants 19 

_  Descriptions 20 

Wingless  stem-mother 20 

Winged  viviparous  female 21 

Wingless  viviparous  female 23 

Winged  male 23 

Wingless  oviparous  female 25 

Egg 26 

Life  history  and  habits ■ 26 

Methods  of  study 26 

Generation  experiments 27 

Molting 38 

Fecundity  in  relation  to  other  species 38 

Natural  enemies 39 

Bibliography 40 

Index 41 

in 


[.LUSTRATIONS. 


PLATES. 

Page. 

Plate    I .  Outdoor  rearing  shelter? 12 

II.  Outdoor  rearing  shelters  used  in  life-history  studies  on  the  yellow 

clover  aphis 24 

TEXT    FIGURES. 

Fig.    1.   Toxoptera  muhlenbergix:  Winged  viviparous  female  and  antenna 2 

2.  Toxoptera  muhlenbergix;  Wingless  viviparous  female 3 

3.  Toxopltni  muhlenbergi.e:  "Wingless  male  and  antenna 4 

4.  Toxoptera  muhlenbergix:  Wingless  oviparous  female,  antenna,  hind 

tibia 5 

5.  Toxopu  ra  m  uhlt  n  &<  rgia :  Eggs 6 

G.  Toxoptera  muhlenbergi  :  Eggs  deposited  in  curled  leaf  sheath 13 

7.  Lamp-chimney  molting  cage  used  in  rearing  aphides 14 

8.  Lamp-chimney  generation  cage  used  in  rearing  aphides 15 

9.  Lamp-chimney  Btock  cage  used  in  rearing  aphides 15 

10.  Map  showing  distribution   of    the  yellow  clover  aphis  (Callipterus 

trifolii)  in  the  United  States 19 

11.  The   yellow   clover  aphis   (Callipterus   trifolii):  Winged   viviparous 

female  and  details 21 

12.  The  yellow  clover  aphis:  Wingless  viviparous  female  and  details 23 

13.  The  yellow  clover  aphis:  Winged  male  and  antenna 24 

14.  The  yellow  clover  aphis:  Wingless  oviparous  female  and  details 25 

!•").  Diagram  showing  periods  and  succession  itions  in  the  yellow 

clover  aphis,  La  Fayette"  End.,  L913 34 

IV 


ERRATA. 

Page  15,  legend  to  figure  9,  second  Line,  for  aphieds  read  aphides. 
Page  19,  line  18,  for  sanfoin  read  sainfoin. 
Page  19,  line  18,  for  Unobrychis  read  Onobrychis. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2012  with  funding  from 

University  of  Florida,  George  A.  Smathers  Libraries  with  support  from  LYRASIS  and  the  Sloan  Foundation 


http://archive.org/details/phididaOOunit 


INDEX 


Alfalfa  (see  also  Medicago  sativa) —  Page. 

not  food  plant  of  Callipterus  trifolii  in  America 19 

Aphidoletes  sp.,  enemy  of  Callipterus  trifolii 39 

Aphis  ononidis,  probable  synonym  of  Callipterus  trifolii 17 

Aphis,  yellow  clover.     (See  Callipterus  trifolii.) 

Barley,  host  plant  of  Toxoptera  graminum 8 

Bluegrass.     (See  Poa  pratensis.) 


for  life-history  studies  of  Callipterus  trifolii 26 

for  rearing  Toxoptera  muhlenbergise 16 

Callipterus  trifolii — 

article 17-40 

bibliography 40 

cages  used  in  life-history  studies 26 

description 20-26 

distribution  in  America 18-19 

distribution  in  Asia 19 

egg,  description 26 

fecundity  in  relation  to  other  species 38-39 

female,  winged  viviparous,  description 21-22 

female,  wingless  oviparous,  description 25 

female,  wingless  viviparous,  description 23 

food  plants 19 

generation  experiments 27-38 

generic  position 18 

habits  and  life  history 26-39 

life  history  and  habits 26-39 

male,  winged,  description 23-24 

molting 38 

natural  enemies 39 

stem-mother,  wingless,  description 20 

study,  methods 26 

synonymy 17-18 

Camellia,  host  plant  of  Toxoptera  aurantii : 8 

Carex  sp.,  host  plant  of  Toxoptera  caricis 8 

Ceylonia  theaccola=  Toxoptera  aurantii 8 

Chaitophorus  maculatus — 

bibliographic  reference 40 

=  Callipterus  trifolii 17 

Chaitophorus  ononidis,  probable  synonym  of  Callipterus  trifolii 18 

Citron,  host  plant  of  Toxoptera  aurantii 8 

Clematis,  host  plant  of  Toxoptera  clematidis 8 

Clover — 

alsike,  food  plant  of  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

aphis,  yellow.     (See  Callipterus  trifolii.) 
bur.     (See  Medicago  maculata.) 

89803—15 2  41 


42  PAPEES   ON    APHIDIDJE. 

Clover — Continued.  Page. 

English,  food  plant  of  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

food  plant  of  Macros! phinn  pisi 38-39 

Japan.     (See  Lespedeza  spp.) 

mammoth.     (See  Trifolium  medium  pereane.) 

red.     (See  Trifolium  pratense.) 

sweet.     (See  Melilotus  spp.) 

white.      See  Trifolium  repens.) 

Coccinella  9-notata.  enemy  of  Call  ipti  rus  trifolii 39 

Davis,  J.  J.,  paper,  "The  Yellow  Clover  Aphis  {Callipterus  trifolii  Monell)"..  17-40 
Davis,  J.  J.  AY.  J.  Phillips  and.  paper.  "  Studies  on  a  New  Species  of  Toxoptera, 

with  an  Analytical  Key  to  the  Genus  and  Notes  on  Rearing  Methods".   .    .  1-16 

Empv.sa  aphidis,  fungous  enemy  of  CallipUrus  trifolii 39 

Fungous  enemy  of  Callipterus  trifolii.     (See  Empusa  aphidis.) 

Grasses,  various,  host  plants  of  Tozopttra  graminum 8 

1 '  Green  bug. ' '     ( See  Toxoptera  gram  in  u  m . ) 

Hippodamia  con eergens,  enemy  of  Callipterus  trifolii 39 

Ladybird,  9-spotted.     (See  Coccinella  9-notata.) 

Lespedeza  spp.,  not  food  plants  of  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

Lucern.     (See  Medxcago saliva.) 

Macrosiphum  pisi  on  clover,  fecundity  in  comparison  with  Callipterus  trifolii. .  38-39 

Medicago  maculata,  perhaps  food  plant  of  CallipU  rus  trifolii 19 

io  sativa  (see  also  Alfalft 

food  plant  of  ( uUipterus  trifolii  in  India 17, 19 

Megilla  macuiata,  enemy  of  Callipterus  trifolii 39 

J/<  lUotus  spp. ,  not  food  plants  i if  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

Afuhl  nh>  rgia  sp..  host  plant  of  ToxopU  ra  muhh  nth  rgiae 1,  8, 9 

Myzocallis  ononi               tole  synonym  of  Callipterus  trifolii 18 

Myzocallis  trifolii — 

bibliographic  reference 40 

—  CallipU  rus  trifolii 18 

Oats,  host  plain  of  Tnmpt.ru  g                8 

0nobrychi8  sativa,  ool  food  plain  of  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

Orange,  host  plant  of  Toxoptera  aurantii 8 

Phillips,  W.  J.,  and  Davis,  .1.  J.,  paper,  "Studies  on  a  New  Species  of  Toxop- 
tera. with  an  Analytical  Key  to  the  ( renus  and  Notes  on  Rearing  Methods'* . .  1-16 

Poa  pratensis,  host  plant  of  ToxopU  ra  m uhU  nb,  rgiae 9 

Rains  in  control  of  CaUipU  rus  trifolii 39 

Rearing  methods  for  ToxopU  ra  muhlt  nbergise 15-16 

Rhamnus  alattrnus — 

host  plant  of  ToxopU  ra  alaU  ma 8 

host  plant  of  ToxopU  ra  variegata 8 

Rye,  host  plant  of  Toxoptera  graminum 8 

Sainfoin.     (See  Onobrychis  satira.) 

Scirpus  lacustris,  host  plant  of  Toxoptera  scirpi 8 

Scirpus  specierum,  host  plant  of  Toxoptera  scirpi 8 

Therioaphis  ononidis.  probable  synonym  of  CallipU  rus  trifolii 18 

Timothy,  not  food  plant  of  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

Toxoptera  alaUrna.  characters,  host  plant 8 

Toxoptera.  a  new  species,  paper 1-16 

Toxoptera  aurantin:=  Toxoptera  aurantii 8 

Toxoptera  aurantii.  characters,  host  plants,  synonyms 8 

Toxoptera  camelliie=  Toxoptera  aurantii 8 


INDEX.  43 

Page. 

Toxoptera  caricis,  characters,  host  plant 8 

Tozoptera  clematidis,  characters,  host  plant 8 

Toxoptera  graminum — 

characters,  host  plants 8 

mistaken  determination  of  Toxoptera  muhlenbergix 1 

Toxoptera,  key  to  species  of  genus 8 

Toxoptera  muhlenbergise — 

age  when  individuals  begin  reproducing 13 

article 1-16 

characters,  host  plant 8 

continuous-generation  experiments 9-13 

distribution 9 

egg,  description 5 

egg  mortality 15 

fecundity  of  oviparous  female? 14 

fecundity  of  summer  forms 13 

feeding  habits : 9 

host  plants 9 

length  of  life  of  viviparous  forms 13 

life  history 9-16 

molting 13 

n.  sp.,  description 1-8 

opposition  place 14 

rearing  methods '. 15-16 

sexes,  life  history 13-14 

stem-mother,  description  of  instars 6-8 

winged  viviparous  female,  description 1-3 

wingless  male,  description 3-4 

wingless  oviparous  female,  description 4-5 

wingless  viviparous  female,  description 3 

Toxoptera  scirpi,  characters,  host  plants 8 

Toxoptera  variegata,  characters,  host  plant 8 

Trifolium  medium  perenne,  food  plant  of  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

Trifolium  pratense,  food  plant  of  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

Trifolium  repens,  food  plant  of  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

Trifolium  spp.,  not  food  plant  of  Callipterus  trifolii  in  India 19 

Vetch,  spring,  not  food  plant  of  Callipterus  trifolii 19 

Weather  conditions  in  control  of  Callipterus  trifolii 39 

Wheat- 
host  plant  of  Toxoptera  graminum 8 

host  plant  of  Toxoptera  muhlenbergise : 9 

0 


\ 


